Introduction: Spillways are important hydraulic structures that are constructed to release flood discharge in the dam reservoirs. Spillways must have sufficient capacity, efficiency and safety in the passage of floods, and in addition it must have economic justification. One of the effective and economical solutions to increase the discharge capacity within a certain width of the spillways is to use labyrinth spillways. In most cases, it is observed that it is not possible to increase the length of the spillway due to the site conditions. In this case, using a labyrinth spillway to increase the length of the crest can be a good solution. As the result, it increases the efficiency and discharge capacity. In equal congress type of spillway, the overlap of the falling flows and the resulting compression of the flow during the spillway, reduces the efficiency and discharge coefficient. In this study, the reduction of falling flows interference, and the congressional spillways with the length of unequal congresses have been studied and compared. Methodology: In this study, the labyrinth spillways with the length of unequal congresses in two types A and B in the flume of the hydraulic laboratory of Bu Ali Sina University have been investigated. All models includes of 5 cycles. The effective length of heights are equal to 336 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Thus, the effect of these two parameters on all models are the same. In this research, two type of congress weirs have been considered. The first type (A) consists of 5 congressional weirs with different congress lengths, so that the closer we get to the center of the weir, the length of congress increases, and the second type (B) consists of 5 congressional weirs with different congress lengths. So, the closer we get to the center of the weir, the length of congress decreases, and the longest congress in this type is the first and last congress. To measure the water depth a point depth gauge with an accuracy of 0. 1 mm has been used. To conduct this research, 10 laboratory models of labyrinth weirs with different congress lengths and one laboratory model of labyrinth weir with the equal length of congresses have been constructed for comparison with other models. In each type, the flow rate and water depth on the labyrinth crest were carefully monitored. This operation was repeated 3 times for each type to minimize the errors caused by the test and the average data of each type was used for analysis. Results and Discussion: The results of this study in all labyrinth spillways with unequal congress lengths, show that by increasing the Ht/P ratio, the value of C decreases and in each weir for the lowest value of Ht/P has the highest discharge coefficient or C and with the beginning of falling flows and their interference and subsequent submergence, the overflow discharge coefficient is drastically reduced. This reduction occurs with greater intensity for labyrinth weirs with unequal congress lengths than for labyrinth weir with equal congress lengths. It was found that, the discharge coefficients of the labyrinth weirs with different congress lengths in high discharges are not much different from each other and shows the same performance. According to the results of this study, in general, the efficiency and discharge coefficient of the spillways of congresses of type A is better than type B. It is also observed that the discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirs with different congresses lengths in high discharges are not much different from each other and show the same performance. Conclusions: The results show that if the total length of that part of the congresses which is higher than the adjacent congress and there is no flow in front of it reaches 25% of the total effective length, it will increase the efficiency and improve the discharge coefficient. If it is more than 25%, the spillway efficiency will be reduced and the discharge coefficient will fall. Also, in the best type in this research, the discharge coefficient in the spillways of unequal congresses has increased by 40. 7% compared to equal congresses.

Throughout history, human societies have been affected by various epidemic and pandemic infectious diseases. Careful archaeological and historical work has revealed that intersecting social and economic inequalities shaped the course of epidemics. Bioarchaeology and other social sciences have repeatedly demonstrated that these kinds of crises play out along the preexisting fault lines of each society. The people at greatest risk were often those already marginalized—, the poor and minorities who faced discrimination in ways that damaged their health or limited their access to medical care even in prepandemic times. In turn, the pandemics themselves affected societal inequality, by either undermining or reinforcing existing power structures. That reality is on stark display during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the disease has memorably struck some of the world’, s rich and powerful, it is not an equal-opportunity killer. The death toll is higher in poorer and denser areas because they have already suffered from poor health, poverty, and malnutrition.

Participation of students in medical research would increase the quality and quantity of research in a durable manner. Research training is one of the most important components of medical education, as the American Association of Medical Colleges recommends that medical students can develop their problem-solving skills by participating in research projects…

In this paper we performed an analytical and 3 dimensional numerical investigation for breakup of non-Newtonian droplets in a non-Newtonian carrier fluid. The system geometry is T-junction with unequal length branches that can generates unequal sized droplets. Analytical and 3 dimensional numerical results of this research have good agreement with each other. We investigated variation of many quantities during the breakup process such as: flow rate ratio of branches, velocity ratio of branches, droplet length in each branch, whole length of droplet, vorticity, pressure and effective viscosity. The analytical results of this paper reveal the variation of flow rate ratio of branches, velocity ratio of branches, droplet length in each branches and whole length of droplet during the breakup process. The results showed the flow rate ratio of branches and the velocity ratio of branches is constant during the breakup process. Also we observed the droplet length in each branches and whole length of droplet increase linearly during the breakup process. The results showed vorticity near the surface of the droplet is 3 to 7 times the vorticity of the inside of the droplet, therefore the mixing of the materials of the droplet inside increases. Also the maximum vorticity is before reaching the droplet to the center of junction.

In this paper‎, ‎we consider a diagonal form for the variances of errors in linear models‎. ‎This form contains the homogeneous and heterogeneous for the errors‎. ‎First‎, ‎an estimation for the variances is given‎, ‎and then a method is introduced for the hypothesis test of parameters in linear models‎. ‎Some applications of this method are presented.

Widespread labor force participation is a prerequisite for sustainable development and welfare in society and gender unequal opportunities are structural barriers for women s economic participation. Therefore, the economic actions of the female who constitute half of the population are of significant. This article, using gender inequality theories and secondary data of the World Economic Forum and International Labour Organization, studies the effect of gender unequal opportunities on the female labor force participation. To test the research hypotheses, data from 143 countries all over the world in 2017 was analyzed. The research findings showed that there was a significant positive association between the female labor force participation and gender unequal opportunity (r=0/508 and sig=0/000). Furthermore, linear regression analysis demonstrated that about 42% of women's economic participation rate is explained by economic, educational, and political dimensions of gender unequal opportunities.

In the recent years, we observe various scientific conferences that held by Universities, Institutes and also by some companies. The main aim of all of these conferences is providing a scientific network between researchers with famous companies and the process of knowledge exchange (1, 2). These knowledge exchanges will help the researchers and students to be at a scientific environment and this will promote their vision. Among these conferences, National and International Research Student Congresses are big opportunities for medical students to familiar with scientific meetings (2). By participating at a conference, students can gain soft-skills that will be valuable at every level of their academic life. A medical student can participate in the meeting by various ways: only participating in the meeting and participating in the meeting and presenting him/her work. If a person has a work that is acceptable for the meeting, he/she is able to present the work as a lecture or a poster. Both of these presentation models will be full of new experience for him/her. When the student participate in the conference by a lecture, it is very appropriate to visit his/her supervisor. Surely these visits help the student for better presenting of his/her work. Students will learn that have a lecture in different place than their university or clinic and this will open a new window in their academic life. If the work will present in the conference as poster, students must prepare a visual representation of their work and present the summary of their findings clearly to other attendees. Surely in poster-making process, students learn to how they should present the data and how they should write a scientific work with details. In these scientific environments, students will connect with the scientific community. This participation can help students to familiar with the other projects that are currently in process by the other students and institutions. We always recommend our students identify their interested meetings and participate in them for increasing their first-hand knowledge As we know, our knowledge is the results of cooperative efforts and in this way conferences will allow us and our students to have a chance for exploring the known and unknown fields, other than we traditional learn in university.

The aim of this research is to study the effects of socio-economic development on Kurdish identity from a sociological perspective. Through qualitative research method of grounded theory, central categories of research were categorized in five areas including dominance of western identity over traditional identity, reconstruction of identity and its relative popularization, emergence of unequal development, heterogeneous development, and strengthening of Kurdish identity. The coding processes (open, central and selective) of the collected data resulted in the extraction of 883 subcategories and 279 major categories, which summed up in 37 categories. The causal and intervention factors, action strategies and consequences of action were then introduced. Finally, the main theme of research manifested as "emergence of development elements during fundamental changes in traditional identity" which indicates the "crisis-generating development and new form of identity".

The health effects of economic resources (eg, education, employment, and living place) and psychological assets (eg, self-efficacy, perceived control over life, anger control, and emotions) are well-known. This article summarizes the results of a growing body of evidence documenting Blacks’ diminished return, defined as a systematically smaller health gain from economic resources and psychological assets for Blacks in comparison to Whites. Due to structural barriers that Blacks face in their daily lives, the very same resources and assets generate smaller health gain for Blacks compared to Whites. Even in the presence of equal access resources and assets, such unequal health gain constantly generates a racial health gap between Blacks and Whites in the United States. In this paper, a number of public policies are recommended based on these findings. First and foremost, public policies should not merely focus on equalizing access to resources and assets, but also reduce the societal and structural barriers that hinder Blacks. Policy solutions should aim to reduce various manifestations of structural racism including but not limited to differential pay, residential segregation, lower quality of education, and crime in Black and urban communities. As income was not found to follow the same pattern demonstrated for other resources and assets (ie, income generated similar decline in risk of mortality for Whites and Blacks), policies that enforce equal income and increase minimum wage for marginalized populations are essential. Improving quality of education of youth and employability of young adults will enable Blacks to compete for high paying jobs. Policies that reduce racism and discrimination in the labor market are also needed. Without such policies, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to eliminate the sustained racial health gap in the United States.